Notes: Step 1: Define the Question or Problem
Step 2: Review the Literature
Step 3: Develop Hypotheses
validity, the extent that the study measures what it claims to measure, is an important consideration.
perational definition, a clear, concise, and observable measure of the variable, of the term “bullying” so there is no misunderstanding of what constitutes bullying among undergraduates
the extent to which a study yields the same result in repeated studies.
a quantitative research design, data collection that focuses on exploring correlations by using systematic, numerical, and other objective measures to generalize across groups of people (HP), or a qualitative research design, data collection using interviews, fieldwork, observation, photos, text, and other subjective measures
epresentative sample, a subset of the population whose characteristics accurately reflect those of the larger population from which it is drawn.
Step 5: Collect the Data
nformed consent, a signed statement by participants indicating full knowledge of the risks involved, and acknowledgment of the procedures to withdraw from the study at any time willingly, from everyone participating in the study
Anonymity, concealing the identities of participants within the research project, and confidentiality, guarding who has the right of access to the data provided by the participants, are two basic ways to shield the participants from harm
Step 6: Analyze the Data
Step 7: Develop Conclusions
Step 8: Report Results and Pose New Questions