Notes:
group, people who identify and interact with one another
social groups, two or more individuals connected by common bonds and shared social relations,
dyad, a group of two people. At the other end of the spectrum,
triad, a group of three members,
social category, a collection of individuals with similar characteristics who may never have met or interacted
social aggregate, a collection of individuals in the same geographic location who do not share common characteristics
FORMING
Socializing
Displaying eagerness
Asking questions
Focusing on group identity and purpose
STORMING
High emotions
Competition among members
Lack of participation by some members
Conflict among members
NORMING
Members are engaged and supportive
Less emotion and anxiety
Reconciliation among members
Developing cohesion
PERFORMING
Interdependent
Productive
Balance of workload among members
Efficient workflow and systems
ADJOURNING
Sadness about the group dissolving
Awards distributed to recognize members and team
Concern about change
Primary groups are small-scale, intimate, face-to-face long-lasting associations
secondary groups are large-scale, impersonal, task-focused, and time-limited associations
reference group, a collection of people used for comparison and identification
in-group, a social unit in which an individual belongs and feels a sense of “we,”
out-group, individuals who do not belong or are excluded from one’s group
social clique, a small, close-knit, and exclusive group of individuals
group conformity, aligning attitudes and behaviors with group norms
Groupthink, the tendency of group members to yield the desire for consensus rather than expressing individual or alternative ideas
Pressure for Conformity
Dissenters are pressured not to express their opinions
Self-Censorship
Dissenters choose to withhold their counterarguments
Illusion of Unanimity
The majority view and judgements are assumed to unanimous
Mindguards
Self-appointed members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s views.
Illusion of Invulnerability
Members ignore dangers, take excessive risks, and are overly optimistic
Collective Rationalization
Members discount and explain away warning signs
Belief in Inherent Morality
Members believe their decisions are morally correct and ignore ethical considerations
Stereotypes Views of Out-groups
Out-groups are labeled with negative stereotypes and considered as rivals
organization, a structured, purposeful, and goal-oriented collection of people
formal organizations, structured and bureaucratic systems regulated by clearly stated norms and rules
Normative organizations, groups of people based on shared interests and the intangible rewards of membership
Utilitarian organizations, groups of people based on contractual obligations that seek tangible benefits such as monetary compensation
coercive organization, groups of people whose membership is primarily forced and must abide by strict rules and regulations.
resocialization, an identity transformation in which social norms and roles are altered or replaced.
total institutions, isolated groups with strict rules and regulations to control every aspect of members’ lives
rationalization, wherein traditional modes of thinking are replaced with end/means analysis
bureaucracies, a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality
ideal type, logical or consistent traits of a given social phenomenon
red tape, adherence to excessive regulations and conformity that prevents decision-making and change
Peter Principle, the notion that workers in a bureaucratic organization will continue to be promoted until they reach their level of incompetence
spoils system, the practice of politicians awarding jobs to friends and supporters based on liking and not skill.
iron law of oligarchy, a system in which the concentration of power in a democracy rests in the hands of a few elite leaders.
McDonaldization, the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society and the of the rest of the world
leaders, individuals or groups who help facilitate, guide, and be the representative voice of its members.
instrumental leadership, is one in which the leadership is very task-oriented.
expressive leadership, leadership endeavors to establish more personal or primary connections with the group members as they work toward accomplishing the task
Authoritarian: A leadership style that is based on orders and directives.
Democratic: A leadership style based on increasing harmony and reducing conflict between group members.
Laissez-faire: A leader who takes a hands-off approach to leadership.
transformational leader causes individuals, groups, and social systems to change.
transactional leader acts as a manager by keeping the group functioning smoothly.
nepotism, the practice of favoritism directed toward family members
social capital, the network of links that develop between people, which may result in a personal, social, and professional advantage.
Meritocracy, a system that fosters and rewards personal effort, ability, and talent through competition to determine social standing
cyberslacking, when workers spend excessive time online for personal reasons that do not benefit their employer
telecommuting or remote working, working from someplace other than the office on a full- or part-time basis,