Notes:
Collective behavior: unplanned and unstructured behavior engaged by large groups of people
Deindividuation: a loss of individuality
Mob mentality: chaotic and aggressive behavior engaged in by groups of people
Fad: a craze or behavior quickly adopted by large groups of people that then fades rapidly in popularity
Moral panic: a condition or event that is defined as being a physical or societal threat
Contagion theory: unconventional behaviors resulting from a crowd infected with illogical and irrational beliefs
Convergence theory: crowds form due to like-minded individuals coming together
Emergent norm theory: members of the crowd serve as a reference group as new norms emerge that legitimize the behavior as appropriate
Urbanization: the process and the development of urban areas
Gemeinschaft: a close knit community characterized by personal and mutual bonds
Gesellschaft: a large urban area characterized by formal and impersonal relationships
Mechanical solidarity: social cohesiveness based on similar beliefs, values and experiences within simple traditional societies
Organic solidarity: social cohesiveness based on the division of labor and individualization in complex industrial societies
Rural area: sparsely populated with less than 1,000 people per square mile
Urban area: densely developed residential, commercial, and other nonresidential areas
Urbanism: the study of culture and lifestyles of urban dwellers
Megacities: a city with 10 million or more in the population
Carrying capacity: the numbers of people a geographic location or the earths ecosystem can support with deterioration
Demography: the statistical study of births, migration, aging and death in relation to population dynamics
Mortality: the frequency of death in a population
Infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 births
Fertility rate: the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime
Replacement level fertility: the average number of children born per woman to replace themselves and their partner without migration
Crude birth rate: a formula to determine the number of live resident births for a specific location and time period
Population growth: the increase in the number of people in the population
Neo-Malthusian theory: a view proposing population control programs to ensure resources for current and future population
Life expectancy: the statistical average number of years a person is expected to live
Graying of America: the rise in the percentage of elderly in the U.S. that creates structural challenges for families, government, and the economy
Global aging: the rise in the percentage of elderly in developed countries and the accompanying economic and world order effects
Old-age dependency ratio: the number of people 65 and older per 100 working age people
push factors, conditions that encourage people to leave their native land, and pull factors, conditions that encourage people to relocate to a new homeland
social movement, a collective effort by segments of society to enact social change in order to attain a particular goal