Notes:
collective behavior, unplanned and unstructured behavior engaged by large groups of people.
deindividuation, a loss of individuality, and did not follow normal social constraints
mob mentality, chaotic and aggressive behavior engaged in by groups of people
fad, a craze or behavior quickly adopted by large groups of people that then fades rapidly in popularity
moral panic, a condition or event that is defined as being a physical or societal threat
contagion theory, unconventional behaviors resulting from a crowd infected with illogical and irrational beliefs,
convergence theory, where crowds form due to like-minded individuals coming together.
ego-involved These individuals are personally involved in the event and are stakeholders as they have something to gain or lose. Students who believed their future was at stake if universal suffrage and true democracy were not afforded to everyone in Hong Kong started the movement. Many of these individuals were arrested, and some went to extreme measures of participating in hunger strikes.
committed or concerned These individuals have a personal interest but not the same level as the ego-involved. They are actively involved and serve as the rank and file rather than as leaders. The umbrella became the symbol of the movement as the committed individuals on the front lines used them to protect themselves from the police pepper spray.
insecure These individuals join the crowd not because of the cause or problem but to gain a sense of power and security from the event. They receive satisfaction from participating regardless of the outcome of the event. Just being among a crowd of 100,000 young people serves as their motivation, as it provides a feeling of power.
spectator These individuals are motivated by curiosity and the excitement of the crowd. You can imagine that among 100,000 people in the streets, many were just there to see what happened next. They may have been curious about how the police would approach the demonstrators and how they assembled temporary living quarters in the streets.
exploiter These individuals are only interested in being a part of the crowd due to self-interest and have no connections to the cause. They may be selling food, t-shirts, or souvenirs, engaging in pickpocketing, or distributing leaflets for another cause.
emergent norm theory, where members of the crowd serve as a reference group as new norms emerge that legitimize the behavior as appropriate,
urbanization, the process, and the development of urban areas
Gemeinschaft, a close-knit community characterized by personal and mutual bonds,
Gesellschaft, a large urban area characterized by formal and impersonal relationships to describe rural and urban areas
mechanical solidarity, social cohesiveness based on similar beliefs, values, and experiences within simple traditional societies,
organic solidarity, social cohesiveness based on the division of labor and individualization in complex industrial societies
rural area, sparsely populated with less than 1,000 people per square mile,
urban area, densely developed residential, commercial, and other nonresidential areas
urbanism, the study of culture and lifestyles of urban dwellers
megacities, a city with 10 million or more in the population
carrying capacity, the numbers of people a geographic location or the earth’s ecosystems can support without deterioration
Demography, the statistical study of births, migration, aging, and death in relation to population dynamics
mortality, the frequency of death in a population
infant mortality rate, the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 births
fertility rate, the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime,
replacement level fertility, the average number of children born per woman to replace themselves and their partner without migration
crude birth rate, a formula to determine the number of live resident births for a specific location and time period
population growth, the increase in the number of people in a population.
neo-Malthusian theory, a view proposing population control programs to ensure resources for current and future populations,
life expectancy, the statistical average number of years a person is expected to live
graying of America, the rise in the percentage of elderly in the U.S. that creates structural challenges for families,
global aging, the rise in the percentage of elderly in developed countries and the accompanying economic and world order effects.
old-age dependency ratio, the number of people 65 and older per 100 working-age people 15-64
push factors, conditions that encourage people to leave their native land,
pull factors, conditions that encourage people to relocate to a new homeland
refugees, individuals who leave their homeland to escape violence and war
social movement, a collective effort by segments of society to enact social change in order to attain a particular goal (