Notes:
10.1.1
-race, a socially constructed category of people based on real or perceived physical differences.
– Ethnicity, social and cultural characteristics that set apart one group of people from another, is a way to group people based upon common heritage, language, food, and values.
-origin, the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or their ancestors before their arrival in the United States.
10.1.2
– stereotypes, generalized opinions, and impressions of individuals, groups, or social classes.
-cultural appropriation, when members of a majority group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in stereotypical, exploitative, or disrespectful ways, associated with Halloween costumes.
-stereotype threat, a concern experienced when one feels at risk of confirming the inferiority or negative characteristics of one’s group.
-prejudice, a preconceived judgment or opinion of other people and races that leads to preferring one kind of person over another, typically arises from race-based stereotypes.
10.1.3
-discrimination, unfair or differential treatment of individuals and groups.
– redlining, the practice of arbitrarily denying, limiting, or charging more for financial services, insurance, or access to healthcare to specific neighborhoods, based on racial and economic issues.
-microaggressions, words, and deeds that negatively impact marginalized individuals, groups, or communities.
10.1.4
-Racism, the belief that one race is superior to others resulting in unequal or demoralizing treatment of other races, can be easier to identify than discrimination.
-institutional racism, societal patterns that produce negative treatment against groups of people based on their race.
-racial colorblindness, the idea that ignoring or overlooking racial and ethnic differences promotes racial harmony.
10.1.5
-diversity, the recognition and respect of the different attributes of races and ethnicities
-pluralism, maintaining social equality and distinct cultural characteristics within and among races and ethnicities.
-assimilation, the process in which minority groups lose their distinct cultural characteristics and are absorbed into the dominant group.
– Traditionalists: High degree of ethnic consciousness, live in Korean enclaves, and speak only Korean.
– Integrationists: Detached from the Korean community and attempt to live as White Americans.
-Isolationists: Unable to live as Korean or American in the U.S. and return to Korea.
-Pluralists: Limited social assimilation, preferring to identify as Korean and American.
10.2.1
-majority group, a group that controls the economic, social, and political power and resources, is often, but not always, the group largest in population.
-minority group, a disadvantaged group with significantly less economic, social, and political power and resources, represents subordinate groups such as Hispanic, Black, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander.
– majority-minority, when a population or district consists of over 50 percent minorities.
-white privilege, an invisible package of unearned assets held by Whites.
10.2.2
-racial segregation, the separation of groups based on differences such as ethnicity, gender, race, social class or religion.
-desegregation, the elimination of the policy of segregation by legal and social means.
-affirmative action, policies designed to promote educational and job opportunities for minorities and women, in higher education.
-de facto segregation, segregation that happens “by fact,” rather than a requirement, remains.
10.2.3
– model (or ideal) minority group, an ethnic group that is more academically, economically, and socially successful than other racial minority groups, is widely held in the U.S.
10.3.1
– Institutional Discrimination, The use of any institution to deny minority group members access to the benefits of society
– Racial profiling, Actions taken against members of a minority group based on those things other than personal behavior.
10.3.2
– internal colonialism, the exploitation of a society’s minority group by its dominant group in the U.S.
– apartheid, policies, regulations, and laws implemented by a government to keep racial and ethnic groups separate.
10.3.3
-Population transfer, the involuntary relocation of a minority group by a dominant group, is a type of forced migration and can be indirect or direct.
-indirect population transfer, when the minority group population chooses to leave a location.
-direct population transfer, when the dominant group makes a minority group population leave a location by force.
10.3.4
-genocide, the systematic killing of one group based on differences in race, ethnicity, religion, etc.
-Functionalist Theory: When it comes to social problems associated with issues of race and ethnicity, the functionalist perspective looks at the intended and unintended consequences of the policy and how policies contribute to society’s overall stability.
-Conflict Theory: The conflict perspective examines social problems associated with race and ethnicity as a power struggle between dominant and subordinate groups.
-Symbolic Interactionism: Symbolic interaction contends that people view social problems through the lens of their own life experiences.
10.4.1
-hate crime, criminal behavior directed at individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, or religion.
-racist characteristics, or implicit bias, unconsciously held attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes about others.
10.4.2
-glass ceiling, social and legal barriers designed to prevent minorities and women from advancing in the workplace.
10.4.3
-split-labor market, a byproduct of the capitalist system that splits workers along racial and ethnic lines to weaken worker solidarity.
10.5.1
– amalgamation, the creation of a new group due to the combination of a minority and a majority group.
10.5.2
– contact hypothesis, the idea that prejudice decreases when two groups of equal status come into contact, indicates that there are advantages to diverse groups intermingling in society.