Notes:
12.1.1
– monotheistic, the belief or worship of a single god.
– polytheistic, the belief or worship of more than one god
-kami, ancient gods, and spirits, which take the form of wind, mountains, rocks, and fertility
12.1.2
-religiosity, the beliefs and behaviors associated with transcendent or spiritual concerns
-megachurches, Protestant churches with an average of 2,000 or more persons in weekly attendance
12.1.3
-fundamentalism, strict adherence to conservative religious ideology.
-Sharia, the revealed word of God based on the Qur’an serving as the body of Islam law.
12.1.4
– National religiosity: Individuals identify with the national or majority religion.
– Family: The social learning process is a powerful force within the family that guides your religious preferences.
– Peers: Your friends’ religiosity is a predictor of your religiosity (Gunnoe and Moore 2002).
– School: The level of religiosity within your school impacts your religiosity (Regenerus et al. 2004).
-denominations, a distinct group of churches with a common doctrine and name, such as switching from Southern Baptist to Presbyterian Church USA.
12.2.1
-sacred, things set apart and requiring special religious treatment
-profane, the ordinary and familiar realm of everyday existence.
-social cohesion, bonds between members that maintain stability in society
-social control, the informal and formal regulation of members of society to gain conformity and compliance
12.2.2
– The government has the power to limit religious practices, symbols, and the teaching of religious beliefs in schools.
12.2.3
-patriarchy, lines of descent traced through the paternal side of the family and characterized by male dominance
– heterosexism, prejudice or discriminatory attitudes and behaviors against homosexuals and homosexuality
-Two of the most embedded elements within religion are patriarchy and heterosexism
12.2.4
-In general, many religions focus on sustainability issues such as social justice.
12.3.1
-education, the transmission of knowledge, skills, values, and beliefs from one group to another, may involve social institutions specifically set up for the process or families and small groups who behave relatively independently.
-schooling, the formal educational process in institutions such as schools and centers of learning
12.3.2
-teacher expectancy effect, teachers’ perception of students has an effect on their academic achievement.
-hidden curriculum, the unintentional education of students in the ideals and ways of being in society
12.3.3
– school choice, programs allowing students to transfer to schools outside those assigned to them by their school district.
12.4.1
-literacy, the ability to use reading and writing skills to shape one’s world, to teenage pregnancy or a person’s decision to drop out of school.
-The impact of dropping out of high school is a personal trouble and public issue
12.4.2
– tracking, the practice of schools grouping students based on academic achievement.
– Tracking is the practice of schools grouping students based on academic achievement.
12.5.1
-Enrollment in two-year, four-year, and advanced degree programs increased by 30 percent between 2001 and 2015.
12.5.2
– Distance learning, college-level schooling that occurs online at a time and place convenient to the student, is becoming increasingly popular, with 60 percent (9 million) of college students taking some online classes; of that, 2.8 million are fully online (Hamilton 2023)
-Between 1890 and 2014, the average college tuition in the U.S. increased by 260 percent.