Notes:
14.1.1
-Medical sociology, the sociological analysis of social interactions, organizations, and systems related to health, illness, and medicine
-health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
-social stigma, a negative label characterized by one or more personal traits that form a stereotype about the individual
-Medicalization, the process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems of certain conditions, can be profitable, such as in childhood and behavioral disorders like Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
-medical-industrial complex, the multi-billion-dollar enterprise consisting of doctors, hospitals, nursing homes, insurance companies, drug manufacturers, and hospital supply and equipment companies, is capable of defining health and illness so that it is profitable.
14.1.2
– chronic diseases, long-lasting health problems that normally cannot be cured and only controlled, such as heart disease, cancer, and strokes
-Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), a system in which individuals purchase shares of food in advance of production from local farmers) is one way to eat healthier.
14.1.3
-sick role, the rights and responsibilities of those ill
-deprofessionalism, a decline in the power of a profession, of physicians. The government, insurance companies, and hospitals have gained more power and control of the medical profession, reducing physicians’ power and influence.
14.2.1
-infant mortality rate, the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 births, as Whites.
-Hispanic mortality paradox, the conditions by which Hispanics live longer despite lower income and health care access, are that Hispanics have better health habits
14.2.2
-employment-based health insurance, a system in which an employer pays all or part of the health insurance premiums for the employee, the U.S. system is paid primarily by employers
-Medicaid, a government program established in 1965 funding healthcare for qualified persons living below the poverty level and/or who have disabilities
-Medicare, a government program established in 1965 funding healthcare for the elderly, the disabled, and people receiving long-term treatment with dialysis.
-Children’s Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) is part of Medicaid and provides health insurance for low-income children.
14.2.3
– socialized medicine, medical and hospital care funded for all citizens by the government
14.3.1
– Hispanics have the highest rate of uninsured.
14.3.2
– Reasons for the high cost of healthcare in the U.S.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’ Hight cost of prescription drugs
\’ The high cost of medical procedures
\’ High cost of insurance
14.3.3
– To alleviate healthcare disparities in the United States, we need to improve access, affordability, and education. Expanding insurance coverage, increasing funding for community clinics, and training providers in cultural competencycan ensure fair treatment for all. Addressing social determinants like income, housing, and education is essential to reduce long-standing inequalities in health outcomes.
14.4.1
-mental illness, abnormal thoughts, behaviors, emotions, or actions that are a threat to the individual or society, fall into this category.
-herd immunity, a population’s ability to resist disease as a result of a high percentage of its members being immune.
14.5.1
-HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
14.5.2
-physician-assisted suicide, a process in which a doctor provides a terminally ill patient with the means to end their life at the time of the patient’s choosing.
-About 65 percent of Americans support the notion of a doctor being able to assist a patient in ending their life.
14.5.3
-medical tourism, the practice of traveling to another country to seek healthcare.