Notes:collective behavior, unplanned and unstructured behavior engaged by large groups of people.
deindividuation, a loss of individuality,
mob mentality, chaotic and aggressive behavior engaged in by groups of people,
fad, a craze or behavior quickly adopted by large groups of people that then fades rapidly in popularity
moral panic, a condition or event that is defined as being a physical or societal threat
contagion theory, unconventional behaviors resulting from a crowd infected with illogical and irrational beliefs,
convergence theory, where crowds form due to like-minded individuals coming together.
urbanization, the process, and the development of urban areas
Gemeinschaft, a close-knit community characterized by personal and mutual bonds, and Gesellschaft, a large urban area characterized by formal and impersonal relationships
organic solidarity, social cohesiveness based on the division of labor and individualization in complex industrial societies,
rural area, sparsely populated with less than 1,000 people per square mile, or an urban area, densely developed residential, commercial, and other nonresidential areas?
urbanism, the study of culture and lifestyles of urban dwellers
megacities, a city with 10 million or more in the population
carrying capacity, the numbers of people a geographic location or the earth’s ecosystems can support without deterioration
Demography, the statistical study of births, migration, aging, and death in relation to population dynamics
mortality, the frequency of death in a population (HP), and the infant mortality rate, the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 births
fertility rate, the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime
replacement level fertility, the average number of children born per woman to replace themselves and their partner without migration
population growth, the increase in the number of people in a population
neo-Malthusian theory, a view proposing population control programs to ensure resources for current and future populations
life expectancy, the statistical average number of years a person is expected to live,
graying of America, the rise in the percentage of elderly in the U.S. that creates structural challenges for families, government, and the economy, and on an international level, global aging, the rise in the percentage of elderly in developed countries and the accompanying economic and world order effects.
old-age dependency ratio, the number of people 65 and older per 100 working-age people 15-64
push factors, conditions that encourage people to leave their native land, and pull factors, conditions that encourage people to relocate to a new homeland