Notes:Group- People, who identify and interact with one another.
Social Groups- two ore more individuals connected by common bonds and shared believes
Dyad a group of two people ( the smallest group)
Triad- a group of three members, can change how the group functions
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Primary groups are small-scale, intimate, face-to-face long-lasting associations
secondary groups are large-scale, impersonal, task-focused, and time-limited associations.
reference group, a collection of people used for comparison and identification
in-group, a social unit in which an individual belongs and feels a sense of “we,”
out-group, individuals who do not belong or are excluded from one’s group.
social clique, a small, close-knit, and exclusive group of individuals
group conformity, aligning attitudes and behaviors with group norms (HP), and compliance.
Groupthink- The tendency of group members too yield the desire for consensus rather than expression individual or alternative ideas
Pressure for Conformity
Dissenters are pressured not to express their opinions
Self-Censorship
Dissenters choose to withhold their counterarguments
Illusion of Unanimity
| The majority view and judgments are assumed to unanimous |
Mindguards
Self-appointed members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s views
Illusion of Invulnerability
Members ignore dangers, take excessive risks, and are overly optimistic
Collective Rationalization
Members discount and explain away warning signs
Belief in Inherent Morality
Members believe their decisions are morally correct and ignore ethical considerations
Stereotypes Views of Out-groups
Out-groups are labeled with negative stereotypes and considered as rivals
organization, a structured, purposeful, and goal-oriented collection of people, is a social unit with distinct functions that ranges in size from a handful of people to a large multinational organization with tens of thousands of members.
Informal organizations, a system of the personal contacts and relationships of groupings of people, exist outside the organizational charts.
formal organizations, structured and bureaucratic systems regulated by clearly stated norms and rules, as the repetitive arrangement of relationships often morphs into formal organizations.
Normative organizations, groups of people based on shared interests and the intangible rewards of membership, are comprised of individuals who join as volunteers to pursue goals they consider morally worthwhile.
Utilitarian organizations, groups of people based on contractual obligations that seek tangible benefits such as monetary compensation, are comprised of individuals who join for a specific purpose, and most often to gain income.
coercive organization, groups of people whose membership is primarily forced and must abide by strict rules and regulations.
resocialization, an identity transformation in which social norms and roles are altered or replaced.
total institutions, isolated groups with strict rules and regulations to control every aspect of members’ lives
bureaucracies, a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality
ideal type, logical or consistent traits of a given social phenomenon
red tape, adherence to excessive regulations and conformity that prevents decision-making and change
Peter Principle, the notion that workers in a bureaucratic organization will continue to be promoted until they reach their level of incompetence
spoils system, the practice of politicians awarding jobs to friends and supporters based on liking and not skill.
iron law of oligarchy, a system in which the concentration of power in a democracy rests in the hands of a few elite leaders
leaders, individuals or groups who help facilitate, guide, and be the representative voice of its members.
instrumental leadership, is one in which the leadership is very task-oriented. This leader keeps the group moving in the direction of its goal
expressive leadership, leadership endeavors to establish more personal or primary connections with the group members as they work toward accomplishing the task
- Authoritarian: A leadership style that is based on orders and directives.
- Democratic: A leadership style based on increasing harmony and reducing conflict between group members.
- Laissez-faire: A leader who takes a hands-off approach to leadership.
transformational leader causes individuals, groups, and social systems to change
transactional leader acts as a manager by keeping the group functioning smoothly