Notes:
6.1
Social Aggregate: A collection of individuals in the same geographic location but do not share common characteristics
Group: people who identify and interact with one another
Social Groups: two or more individuals connected by common bonds and shared social relations
-Dyad: a group of two people
-Traid: a group of three members
Group Stages
1. Forming: Socializing, eagerness, questions, group identities + purpose
2. Storming: High emotions, competition, lack of participation, conflict
3. Norming: Engagement, less emotion + anxiety, cohesion
4. Performing: interdependent, productive, balanced workload, efficient
5. Adjourning: Sadness, awards, concern about change
most groups dont even make it out of the storming phase
Primary Groups: Small-scale, intimate, face-to-face long lasting associations
-small, lasting, close
Secondary Groups: large-scale, impersonal, task-focused, and time-limited associations
-shared interests, weak personal bond, limited contact and concern for each other
Reference groups: a collection of people used for comparison and identification.
In groups: a social unit in which an individual belongs and feels
Out Group: individuals who feel they do not belong and are excluded
Social cliqueL a small, close knit exclusive group of individuals
Group Conformity: aligning attitudes and behaviors with group norms.
Group Think: tendency of group members to yield the desire for consensus rather than expressing individual or alternative ideas
Eight Symptoms of Groupthink:
1. Pressure for conformity: dissenters are pressured not to express their opinions
2. self-censorship: dissenters choose to withold their counterarguments
3. Illusion of Unanimity: the majority view and judgements are assumed unanimous
4. Mindguards: self-appointedmemberes protect groip and the leader from information that is problematic
5. Illusion of invulnerability: members ignore danger
6. collective rationalization: members discount and explain away warning signs
7. Belief in Inherent Morality: members believe their decisions are morally correct and ignore ethical considerations
8. Stereotypes out-group: out-groups are labeled with negative stereotypes and considered rivals
three characteristics that normally exist before groupthink
1. intense in group cohesiveness
2. meaningful threat
3. group insulation
6.2
Organization: structured, purposeful and goal orientated collection of people
Informal organizations: system of personal contacts and relationships of groupings of people
Formal Organizations: structured and bureaucratic system with stated norms and rules.
Normative Organizations: groups of people based on shared interests and the intangible rewards of membership
Utilitarian Organizations: groups of people based on contractual obligations that seek tangible benfits such as monetary compensation
Greenwashing: promotion of being sustainable when it\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’s not a norm for organization
Coercive Organization: groups of people who are in it because they are forced.
Resocialization: identity transformation in which social norms are replaced
total institutions (goffman): isolated groups with strict rules and regulation to control every aspect of members\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’ lives
Bureaucracies: a hiearchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, and behaves impersonality.
Ideal type: logical or consistent traits of given social phenomenon
red tape: adherence to exclusive regulations and conformity that prevents decision-making and change
6.3
Peter Principle: notion that workers in a bureaucratic organization will continue to be promoted until they reach their level of incompetence
Spoils system: practice of politicians awarding jobs to friends and supporters based on liking and not skill
Iron Law of oligarchy: system in which the concentration of power in a democracy rests in the hands of a few elite leaders
the spoils system: practice of politicians awarding jobs
Mcdonaldization: process by which the principles of the fast food are coming to dominate more and more sectors of american society and the rest of the world.
Leaders: individuals or groups who help facilitate, guide and be the representative voice of its members.
roles
instrumental leadership: task-oriented
Expressive Leadership: establish personal or primary connections with the group members
Leadership Styles
authoritarian: based on orders and directives
democratic: increasing harmony and reducing conflict between group members
Laissez-faire: hands-off approach
Transformation Leader: Causes something to change
Transactional Leader: manager by keeping the group functioning smoothly
Nepotism: practice of favoritism directed toward family members
Nepotism: Practice of favoritism directed toward family members.
Social Capital: network of links that develop between people, which may result in a personal, social, and professional advantage.
Cyberslacking: when workers spend excessive time online for personal reasons that do not benefit their employer.
telecommuting or remote working: working from someplace other than the office on a full or part time basis.