deviance, violation of social norms
agents of social control, informal and formal groups that control the behavior of members of society, such as what your family members, friends, acquaintances, and general members of society deem acceptable.
informal social control, individuals and groups that unofficially reinforce social norms, as they remind you when your behavior goes against the norm
formal social control, groups and organizations whose specific function is to control the behavior of members of societies and reinforce social norms
labeling theory, the idea that individuals labeled as deviant are more likely to act on the label
primary deviance, violations of norms that do not result in being labeled as deviant
Secondary deviance, norm violations that result in being publicly labeled as a deviant and outsider
tertiary deviance, normalizing deviant behavior by labeling it as nondeviant
Differential association theory, a process by which individuals learn deviant and criminal behavior from associating with deviants and criminals (HP), is the second micro-level theory.
crime, an offense in violation of public law (HP), and the criminal’s motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
social control theory, which states that individuals who do not have enough strong social bonds are more likely to feel disconnected from society and engage in deviance and crime
containment theory, the idea that individuals have various social controls (containments) that provide a protective barrier to help them to resist engaging in deviant and criminal behavior, states that individuals have internal and external control mechanisms that serve to control one’s behaviors
- Attachment: The family is the attachment source, as parents provide support and teach children socially acceptable behavior.
- Belief: The level of acceptance of the social values of society.
- Commitment: An individual’s focus on achieving socially accepted goals such as a high school or college degree and a high-status job.
- Involvement: Participation in conventional activities that lead to socially accepted goals.