Notes:
7.1.1
-deviance, violation of social norms, and don’t “fit the mold”
– agents of social control, informal and formal groups that control the behavior of members of society
-informal social control, individuals and groups that unofficially reinforce social norms, as they remind you when your behavior goes against the norm
-formal social control, groups and organizations whose specific function is to control the behavior of members of societies and reinforce social norms
-social stigma, a label associating an individual with a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype.
7.1.2
– labeling theory, the idea that individuals labeled as deviant are more likely to act on the label
– primary deviance, violations of norms that do not result in being labeled as deviant
-Secondary deviance, norm violations that result in being publicly labeled as a deviant and outsider, is the second stage in the identity formation of deviance
-tertiary deviance, normalizing deviant behavior by labeling it as nondeviant
7.1.3
-Differential association theory, a process by which individuals learn deviant and criminal behavior from associating with deviants and criminals
-crime, an offense in violation of public law
7.1.4
-social control theory, which states that individuals who do not have enough strong social bonds are more likely to feel disconnected from society and engage in deviance and crime
– Attachment: The family is the attachment source, as parents provide support and teach children socially acceptable behavior.
– Belief: The level of acceptance of the social values of society.
– Commitment: An individual’s focus on achieving socially accepted goals such as a high school or college degree and a high-status job.
– Involvement: Participation in conventional activities that lead to socially accepted goals.
-containment theory, the idea that individuals have various social controls (containments) that provide a protective barrier to help them to resist engaging in deviant and criminal behavior
7.1.5
– The labeling theory ignores individual acts of deviance and the process that leads to deviant acts.
7.2.1
– structural strain theory, the theory that social structures can promote crime and deviance among individuals within a society
– white-collar crime, nonviolent and financially motivated crime
7.2.2
–The wealthy can control the circumstance of the poor in regard to entry into elite schools and jobs.
7.3.1
– incarceration rate, the number of people in state and federal prisons
– criminal justice system, formal institutions designed to enforce, arbitrate, and carry out the laws of society.
-Interactive Table offers definitions of major types of crime and an example for each category.
-Cybercrime, a crime that targets the computer systems of an individual or group, includes online hacking
-hate crime, criminal behavior directed at individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, or religion.
-terrorism, the use of violence or the threat of violence to influence the political process, is a form of political crime.
-crime rate, a statistical count of different categories of crime compiled by federal, state, and local agencies.
7.3.2
-This differential justice, differences in how groups are treated in the criminal justice system, can be examined by comparing the stop, arrest, and incarceration of Black and Hispanic males to their White counterparts.
7.3.3
-Plea bargains, agreements in which the accused pleads guilty to the crime in exchange for a lesser sentence.
– defense is made up of lawyers whose job is to defend the accused individual against the state and/or federal government charges.
-Judges in the courts oversee the trial process. A judge’s role is to listen to the arguments presented by the attorneys, accept or reject plea bargains, and sentence defendants that have been found guilty of a crime.
7.3.4
– collective conscience, a set of shared attitudes, beliefs, and ideas about how things should be in society.
-Functionalist Theory: The functionalist perspective of deviance considers how the criminal justice system contributes to society’s stability.
-Conflict Theory: Examining the criminal justice system from a conflict perspective, we find that various social problems are related to the power struggle between groups.
– Symbolic Interactionism: This theory considers social problems associated with deviance from the individual’s perspective.
7.4.1
-capital punishment, a penalty for criminal behavior that results in the perpetrator’s death
-index crimes, the eight forms of criminal behavior to create the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report
7.4.2
-Capital punishment is a public issue and personal trouble
7.5.1
-transnational crime, a crime that crosses interstate or international borders.
-counterfeiting, the manufacturing and selling of illegally copied products
7.5.2
-surveillance, it involves the use of technology to monitor the action and behavior of others.
– Social responses to deviance in the future will probably involve surveillance or the use of technology to monitor the action and behavior of others.