7.1
Deviance: violation of social norms
Agents of social control: informal; and formal groups that control the behavior of members of society.
Formal social control: groups and organizations whose specific function is to control the behavior of members of societies and reinforce social norms
1969 Gallup Poll~ 12 percent favored legalizing marijuana, now in 2021 way more people want it for \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\”medical\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\” use
Public opinion can decriminalize behavior
Social Stigma: label associating an individual with a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype
Most social stigmas don\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’t disappear
Factors that define deviance: location, history, social status
Labeling theory: individuals labeled as deviant are more likely to act on the label
primary deviance: violations of norms that do not result in being labeled as deviant
secondary deviance: norm violations that result in publicly labeled as a deviant and outsider
tertiary deviance: normalizing deviant behavior by labeling it as non deviant
Differential Association Theory: individuals learn deviant and criminal behavior from associating with deviants and criminals
crime: an offense in violation of public law
Social Control Theory: individuals who do not have enough strong social bonds are more likely to feel disconnected from society and engage in deviance and crime.
4 parts to encourage conformity
1. attachment
2. belief
3. commitment
4. involvement
containment theory:individuals have various social controls that provide a protective barrier to help them to resist engaging deviant and criminal behavior
there are limitations and weaknesses for each micro-level deviance theory.
-labeling theory ignores individual acts of deviance and the process that leads to deviant acts
7.2
micro-level theories help understand the individual circumstances that lead individuals to a life of crime, but do not explain the structural issues contributing to criminal activity
Structural Strain Theory: social structures can promote crime and deviance among individuals within a society
there are instances in which deviance can be beneficial to society
White-collar crime: nonviolent and financially motivated crime.
Crime is a conflict theory
7.3
Incarceration rate: number of people in state and federal prisons
criminal justice system: formal institutions designed to enforce, arbitrate, and carry out the laws of society.
three parts.
1. police and law enforcement
2. courts
3. penal system
Cybercrime: crime that targets the computer systems of an individual or group
hate crime: criminal behavior directed at individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, or religion.
terrorism: use of violence or the threat of violence to influence the political process.
crime rate: statistical count of different categories of crime compiled by federal, state, and local agencies
differential justice: differences in how groups are treated in the criminal justice system.
police brutality: officers violate an individuals rights
Plea bargains: agreements in which the accused pleads guilty to the crime in exchange for a lesser sentence
penal or correctional system: jails and prisons designed to house individuals who have been arrested, detained, or sentenced
collective conscience: set of shared attitudes, beliefs, and ideas about how things should be in society.
7.4
capital punishment: a penalty for criminal behavior that results in the perpetrator\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’s death.
index crimes: eight forms of criminal behavior to create the FBI\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’s Uniform Crime Report. include willful homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and arson.
capital punishment is a personal and public issue
7.5
transnational crime: a crime that crosses interstate or international borders.
counterfeiting: manufacturing and selling of illegally copied products.
surveillance: technology to monitor the action and behavior of others.