Deviance: violation of social norms
Agents of Social Control: informal and formal groups that control the behavior of members of society
Informal Social control: individuals and groups that unofficially reinforce social norms
Formal social control: groups and organizations whose specific function is to control the behavior of members of societies and reinforce social norms
Social Stigma: a label associating an individual with a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype
Myth: Most social stigmas disappear over time
Labeling Theory: Individuals labeled as deviant are more likely to act on the label
Primary Deviance: violations of norms that do not result in being labeled as deviant
Secondary Deviance: norm violations that result in being publicly labeled as a deviant and outsider
Tertiary Deviance: normalizing deviant behavior by labeling it as nondeviant
Differential Association Theory: a process by which individuals learn deviant and criminal behavior from associating with deviants and criminals
Crime: an offense in violation of public law
Social Control Theory: individuals who do not have enough strong social bonds are more likely to feel disconnected from society and engage in deviance and crime
Attachment: the family is the attachment source, as parents provide support and teach children socially acceptable behavior
Belief: the level of acceptance of the social values of society
Commitment: an individual\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’s focus on achieving socially accepted goals such as high school or college degree and a high-status job
Involvement: participation in conventional activities that lead to socially accepted goals
Containment Theory: individuals have various social controls that provide a protective barrier to help them to resist engaging in deviant and criminal behavior
The labeling theory: ignores individual acts of deviance and the process that leads to deviant acts
Structural strain theory: social structures can promote crime and deviance among individuals within a society
White-Collar Crime: nonviolent and financially motivated crime
Incarceration rate: the number of people in state and federal prisons
Violent crime: a crime in which a person is physically harmed or threatened by a forceful behavior of another
Property crime: the taking or destruction of another person\’s property without use or threat of violence
Public Order crime: crimes that violate the norms and standards of a community or impair a person\’s ability to function
Corporate Crime: a crime committed by a business or an individual on behalf of the business
Organized crime: Crimes or illegal activities committed by members of a gang, the mafia, or the mob
Political Crime: action or the absence of action that influences the political process