Notes:
9.1.1
– Sex-Biological and anatomical variances between males and females
– Sexuality-An individual’s experience and expression as a sexual being
– Gender-The socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with being a man or woman
– binary- the belief that there are only two distinct and opposite categories.
– nonbinary, fluid, genderqueer, or gender nonconforming, an individual whose behavior and/or gender expression do not conform to society’s norms for masculine and feminine.
-masculinity, traditional behaviors and traits associated with men
-femininity, traditional behaviors, and traits associated with women, are learned behaviors as a result of the socialization process.
-feminine-expressive role, providing care and emotional support, has traditionally been the role of the wife and mother.
-masculine-instrumental role, goal-oriented and providing financial support, has been the role of the husband and father.
-intersex, a person born with variations in male and female hormones, chromosomes, and/or sexual organs, people is relatively small, there have been a few individuals whose experience has helped to enhance our understanding of sex.
9.1.2
-gender identity, an individual’s inner sense, and identification of being masculine or feminine, begins even before birth as parents choose colors for the baby’s room — traditionally blue for boys and pink for girls.
-Gender Nonconformity,An individual whose behavior and/or gender expression does not conform to society’s norms for masculine and feminine.
-Genderqueer, A person whose gender expression and/or identity is neither masculine nor feminine. Genderqueer is sometimes used synonymously with non-binary or gender fluid.
-Cisgender,An individual whose gender identity matches their sex at birth.
-Transgender, A person who identifies with a gender that is different from their biological sex.
-gender norms, behaviors, or traits that society attributes to a particular sex.
-gender roles, public expression of one’s gender identity, include displaying feminine qualities such as a focus on interpersonal relationships.
9.2.1
-sexism, prejudice, devaluation, and discrimination based on an individual’s sex.
-second shift, the unpaid childcare and household responsibilities completed by women that are in addition to their paid work in the labor force.
9.2.2
-Gender stratification, the unequal access and distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between women and men, is structurally embedded in every society.
-glass escalator, which means that men in female-dominated careers rise faster than women in male-dominated careers.
-glass ceiling, social and legal barriers designed to prevent minorities and women from advancing in the workplace, would go a long way in opening avenues of opportunity and equality.
-Sexual harassment, unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal and physical harassment of a sexual nature, is one of the most discussed topics in employee relations today.
-quid pro quo, express or implied demands by an employer or supervisor for sexual favors in exchange for some benefit such as a promotion, raise, or preferential treatment
-hostile environment, an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment due to unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
-intersectionality, the overlap of personal and social identities that manifests as disadvantage and discrimination in people’s lives, stresses that individuals experience multiple forms of inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, citizenship, religion, age, and other dimensions of subordination.
9.2.3
– Men earn 28 percent more across all positions within Protestant churches.
9.2.4
– Although women are graduating from college at a higher rate than men, women are paid less than their male counterparts in the workforce.
-The U.S. military has granted women more opportunities but there are still restrictions.
9.3.1
-honor killing, the killing of a female family member for the perceived shame she has brought onto the family, this type of violence against women is often assumed to only occur in the Middle East or Muslim culture.
-violence against women, any act that results in the mental, physical and/or sexual harm of a girl, teen, or woman.
– Social Learning Theory,Individuals who witness or experience violence while growing up are likelier to use violence as adults.
-Social Situation or Stress Theory,Violence is greatly influenced by the stress in a particular situation that may be part of the larger society or specific to a particular group. Also, culture may work to normalize violence in society.
-Resource Theory,One perspective on this theory states that the more resources an individual has, the more control and force he can apply in the relationship. On the other hand, some contend that the fewer resources a person has, the more likely he is to compensate by resorting to violence.
-Exchange Theory, Based on the economic principles of costs and benefits, this theory contends that an abuser will use violence when the benefits exceed the costs.
-Feminist Theory,Looks at the history of male domination in societies worldwide and contends that larger social and economic processes work to subordinate women in society and the home.
-General Systems Theory,The violence experienced by women isn’t just about the individual abuser but about the family systems or structure overall, which is made up of multiple people that play varying roles that are changeable over time.
9.3.2
-Functionalist Theory: Regarding social problems associated with sex and gender, the functionalist perspective examines policy’s intended and unintended consequences and how such policies contribute to society.
-Conflict Theory: The conflict perspective perceives the social problems associated with sex and gender as a power struggle between dominant and subordinate groups. The powerful, dominant group institutes policy that members of the less powerful subordinate group find objectionable.
-Symbolic Interactionism: Symbolic interaction contends that people view social problems through the lens of their own life experiences. When it comes to issues of violence, the process of socialization and interaction with others serves to reinforce or dispel the behavior.
9.3.3
-microaggressions, words, and deeds that negatively impact marginalized individuals, groups, or communities, are a part of the day-to-day experiences of many in the LGBTQ+ community.
-Microassaults,Derogatory comments or actions
-Microinsults, Snubs and hidden insults
-Microinvalidations, An attempt to negate the feelings and experiences of others
9.3.4
-Transgender individuals participating in gendered sports is not a social problem because there is an agreement among sports participants and stakeholders that athletic competition legibility should be based on the sex an individual is assigned at birth.
9.4.1
-Sexuality, Sexuality is similar to but different from the term “sex.” Therefore, “sex and gender” and “sexuality and gender” represent two distinct concepts.
-Sexual Orientation, An individual’s sexual interest toward the same, opposite, neither, or both sexes. Sexual orientation is a means of expressing oneself as a sexual being.
-Heterosexual, Individuals with a sexual interest in the opposite sex.
-Homosexual, Individuals with a sexual interest in the same sex.
-Bisexual, Individuals with a sexual interest in both sexes.
-Asexual, Individuals who are not sexually attracted to others.
-Pansexual, Individuals who are attracted to all people regardless of their gender identity or sexuality. This attraction can be emotional, romantic, and/or sexual.
-hookups, a sexual encounter, usually lasting only one night, between two individuals who are strangers or brief acquaintances
-homophobia, the fear of homosexuals, and homosexuality.
-heterosexism, prejudice, or discriminatory attitudes and behaviors against homosexuals and homosexuality.
9.4.2
-homosexual, or transgender, a person who identifies with a gender different from their biological sex
-sex reassignment, the process of having surgery and taking hormone medications to become the opposite sex.
9.5.1
-feminism, a social movement that aims to establish equality between the sexes.
-men’s rights movement, an effort to establish the employment, sexual, and familial rights of men, focuses on employment discrimination and sexual harassment, but it differs from the other two movements because it also focuses on men’s family and reproductive rights.
-gay rights movement, individuals and organizations seeking to establish legal and social equality for members of the LGBTQ+ community, seek equal rights and the reduction of discrimination.
-allies, someone who advocates and supports the push for equal rights, have also played a role.
-feminists, a person who believes in the legal, political, social, and economic equality between the sexes, but nonetheless, are for women’s rights.
-cult of domesticity, the glorification of White middle to upper-middle-class ideals that placed value on women for their sexual purity, morality, domestic abilities, and submissiveness to men.
-matrix of domination, the idea that oppression is multifaceted.
-queer theory, a perspective that emerged in the 1990s, challenging the normative assumptions of heterosexuality and homosexuality.