Notes:
gender nonconforming, an individual whose behavior and/or gender expression do not conform to society’s norms for masculine and feminine.
masculinity, traditional behaviors and traits associated with men
femininity, traditional behaviors, and traits associated with women
feminine-expressive role, providing care and emotional support
masculine-instrumental role, goal-oriented and providing financial support
intersex, a person born with variations in male and female hormones, chromosomes, and/or sexual organs
gender identity, an individual’s inner sense, and identification of being masculine or feminine
gender norms, behaviors, or traits that society attributes to a particular sex
gender roles, public expression of one’s gender identity
sexism, prejudice, devaluation, and discrimination based on an individual’s sex
second shift, the unpaid childcare and household responsibilities completed by women that are in addition to their paid work in the labor force.
Gender stratification, the unequal access and distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between women and men
glass escalator, which means that men in female-dominated careers rise faster than women in male-dominated careers
glass ceiling, social and legal barriers designed to prevent minorities and women from advancing in the workplace
Sexual harassment, unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal and physical harassment of a sexual nature
quid pro quo, express or implied demands by an employer or supervisor for sexual favors in exchange for some benefit such as a promotion, raise, or preferential treatment
hostile environment, an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment due to unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature (
intersectionality, the overlap of personal and social identities that manifests as disadvantage and discrimination in people’s lives
honor killing, the killing of a female family member for the perceived shame she has brought onto the family,
violence against women, any act that results in the mental, physical and/or sexual harm of a girl, teen, or woman
| Social Learning Theory |
Individuals who witness or experience violence while growing up are likelier to use violence as adults. |
| Social Situation or Stress Theory |
Violence is greatly influenced by the stress in a particular situation that may be part of the larger society or specific to a particular group. Also, culture may work to normalize violence in society. |
| Resource Theory | One perspective on this theory states that the more resources an individual has, the more control and force he can apply in the relationship. On the other hand, some contend that the fewer resources a person has, the more likely he is to compensate by resorting to violence. |
| Exchange Theory | Based on the economic principles of costs and benefits, this theory contends that an abuser will use violence when the benefits exceed the costs. |
| Feminist Theory | Looks at the history of male domination in societies worldwide and contends that larger social and economic processes work to subordinate women in society and the home. |
| General Systems Theory | The violence experienced by women isn’t just about the individual abuser but about the family systems or structure overall, which is made up of multiple people that play varying roles that are changeable over time. |
microaggressions, words, and deeds that negatively impact marginalized individuals, groups, or communities,
transgender, a person who identifies with a gender different from their biological sex
sex reassignment, the process of having surgery and taking hormone medications to become the opposite sex.
feminism, a social movement that aims to establish equality between the sexes
men’s rights movement, an effort to establish the employment, sexual, and familial rights of men
gay rights movement, individuals and organizations seeking to establish legal and social equality for members of the LGBTQ+ community,
allies, someone who advocates and supports the push for equal rights,
feminists, a person who believes in the legal, political, social, and economic equality between the sexes
queer theory, a perspective that emerged in the 1990s, challenging the normative assumptions of heterosexuality and homosexuality